However, some will be unable to deliver face-to-face fieldwork at any time in 2021 and so will switch to an alternative self-completion method that has been developed as an emergency measure for Round 10 (Hanson, 2021). Most countries expect to conduct face-to-face fieldwork in 2021. However, the COVID-19 pandemic made face-to-face fieldwork for most of this period impossible and it was decided to extend the Round 10 deadline to December 2021. Round 10 fieldwork for ESS was originally scheduled to run from September 2020 to January 2021. The average questionnaire length is approximately one hour. The rotating modules are selected via a competition among academic teams for each round. The ESS questionnaire includes a core component, which is largely unchanged between rounds, and two rotating modules. More than thirty countries are expected to participate at Round 10, in 2020–2021 (European Social Survey European Research Infrastructure Consortium, 2020). In total, 38 countries have participated in at least one round of the survey, with 15 countries participating in all nine rounds. Face-to-face fieldwork has been conducted every two years since 2002, with nine rounds of data collection completed to date. The European Social Survey (ESS) is an academically driven cross-national survey measuring attitudes and behaviour across Europe (Fitzgerald & Jowell, 2010).
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